/7[/ 



TS 1779 

.05 U6 

Copy 1 R 



>ARTM E NX 
OF^ COMMERCE 



NTH CENSUS OF THE: UNITEID STAXEIS: 1 9 1 O 

BULLETIN 



BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 
WM. J. HARRIS. DIRECTOR 



MANUFACTURES : 1909 



STATISTICS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. 

Prepared under the supervision of W. M. STEUART, Chief Statistician for Manufactures 



This bulletin gives the statistics for the manufacture 
of oilcloth and linoleum for the calendar year 1909, as 
shown by the Thii-teenth Census. It will be reprinted 
as a part of Volume X of the reports of the Thu-teenth 
Census. 

Scope of census. —Census statistics of manufactures are compiled 
primarily for the purpose of showing the absolute and relative 
magnitude of the different branches of industry covered and their 
gi-owth or decline. Incidentally, the effort is made to present data 
throwing light upon character of ownership, size of estabKslunents, 
and similar subjects. When use is made of the data for these pur- 
poses it is imperative that due attention should be given to the 
limitations of the statistics, particularly in any attempt to derive 
from them figures purporting to show average wages, cost of produc- 
tion, or profits. These limitations are fully discussed in the general 
report on manufactures for the United States as a whole (Volume 
VIII of Thirteenth Census Reports) and need not be repeated here. 

The census did not cover establishments which were idle during 
the entire year or had a value of products of less than $500, nor 
the manufacturing done in educational, eleemosynary, and penal 
institutions. 

Period covered.— The returns relate to the calendar year 1909, or 
the business year which corresponded most nearly to that calendar 
year, and cover a year's operations, except for establishments which 
began or discontinued business during the year. 

The establishment. — As a rule, the term "establishment" repre- 
sents a single plant, but in some cases it represents two or more 
plants which were operated under a common ownership or for 
which one set of books of account was kept. 

If, however, the plants constituting an establishment as thus 
defined were not all located within the same city or state, separate 
reports were secured in order that the figures for each plant might 
be included in the statistics for the city or state in which it was 
located. In some instances separate reports were secured for dif- 
ferent industries earned on in the same establishment. 

Persons engaged in the industry.— At the censuses of 1899, 1904, 
and 1909 the following general classes of persons engaged in manu- 
facturing industries were distinguished: (1) Proprietors and firm 
members, (2) salaried officers of corporations, (3) superintendents 
and managers, (4) clerks (including other subordinate salaried 
employees), and (5) wage earners. In the reports for the censuses 
of 1904 and 1899 these five classes were shown according to the 
thi-ee main groups: (1) Proprietors and firm members, (2) salaried 
oflicials, clerks, etc., and (3) wage earners. The second gi-oup 
included the three classes of salaried officers of corporations, super- 
intendents and managers, and clerks. In certain tables relating 
exclusively to the present census a somewhat different grouping 
is employed— that into (1) proprietors and officials, (2) clerks, and 
(3) wage earners, the first group including proprietors and firm 
members, salaried officers of corporations, and superintendents and 
managers. In comparative tables covering the censuses of 1899 
and 1904 it is of course necessary to group the figures for 1909 accord- 
ing to the classification, that was employed at the earlier censuses. 
1.3—54^57 ^' 



INTRODUCTION. 

At this census the number of persons engaged in each industry, 
segregated by sex, and, in the case of wage earners, also by age 
(whether under 16 or 16 and over), was reported for December 15, 
or the nearest representative day. The 16th of December was 
selected as representing for most indtistries normal conditions of 
employment, but where conditions were exceptional and the 
December date could not be accepted as typical an earlier date had 
to be chosen. 

In the case of employees other than wage earners the number thus 
reported on December 15, or other representative day, has been 
treated as equivalent to the average for the year, since the number 
of employees of this class does not ordinarily vary much from month 
to month. In the case of wage earners the average is obtained in 
the manner explained in the next paragraph. 

In addition to the more detailed report by sex and age of the 
number of wage earners on December 15, or other representative 
day, a report was obtained of the numljer employed on the 15th of 
each month, without distinction of sex or age. From these figures 
the average number of wage earners for the year has been calculated 
by dividing the sum of the numbers reported for the several months 
by 12. The average thus obtained represents the number of wage 
earners that would be required to perform the work done if all 
were constantly employed during the entire year. Accordingly, 
the importance of the industry as an employer of labor is believed 
to be more accurately measured by this average than by the num- 
ber employed at any one time or on a given day. 

In 1899 and 1904 the schedule called for the average number of 
wage earners of each sex 16 years of age and over, and the average 
number under 16 years of age without distinction gf sex, for each 
month, and these monthly statements were combined in an annual 
average. Comparatively few manufacturing concerns, however, 
keep their books in such way as to show readily the number of 
men, women, and children employed on the average each month. 
These monthly retiu-ns by sex and age were, in fact, largely esti- 
mates. It was believed that a more accurate and reliable sex and 
age distribution could be secm-ed by taking as a basis of estimate 
the actual numbers employed on a single day. In 1889 the time 
the plant was in operation was used as a basis for computing the 
average number of employees, whether such time was the entire 
year or only a fraction of a year. These differences in method have 
but little effect upon the comparability of the statistics, however, 
except for certain seasonal industries like canning and preserving. 
PrevaUing hours of labor.-— The census made no attempt to 
ascertain the number of employees working a given number of 
hours per week. The inquiry called merely for the prevailing 
practice followed in each establishment. Occasional variations in 
hoiu-s in an establishment from one part of the year to another were 
disregarded, and no attention was paid to the fact that a limited 
number of employees might have hours differing from those of the 
majority. In the tables all the wage earners of each establishment 
are counted in the class within which the establishment itself falls, 
to most establishments, however, all or practically all the em- 
ployees work the same number of hours, so that these figures give a 
substantially correct representation, ot the hours of labor. 
._L-i 10-13 



MANUFACTURES. 






Capital. — For reasons stated in the general report on manufac- 
tures for the United States as a whole (Volume VIII of Thirteenth 
Census Reports), the statistics of capital secured by the census 
canvass are so defective as to be of little value, except as indicating 
very general conditions. The instructions on the schedule for 
securing data relating to capital were as follows: 

The answer should show the total amount of capital, both owned 
and borrowed, on the last day of the business year reported. All 
the items of fixed and live capital may be taken at the amounts 
carried on the books. It land or buildings are rented, that fact 
should be stated and no value given. If a part of the land or build- 
ings is owned, the remainder being rented, that fact should be so 
stated and only the value of the owned property given. Do not 
include securities and loans representing investments in other 
enterprises. 

Materials. — The statistics as to cost of materials relate to the 
materials used during the year, which may be more or less than the 
materials purchased during the year. The term "materials" 
includes fuel, rent of power and heat, mill supplies, and containers, 
as well as materials forming a constituent part of the product. 

Expenses. — Under "Expenses" are included all items of expense 
incident to the year's business, except interest, whether on bonds 
or other forms of indebtedness, and allowances for depreciation. 

Value of products. — The amounts given under this heading repre- 
sent the selling value or price at the works of all products manu- 
factured during the year, which may differ from the value of the 
products sold. 



Value added by manuiaoture. — The value of products is not a 
satisfactory measure oi either the absolute or the relative importance 
of a given industry, because only a part of this value is actually 
created by the manufacturing processes carried on in the industry 
itself. Another part of it, and often by far the larger part, repre- 
sents the value of the materials used. For many purposes, there- 
fore, the best measure of the importance of an industry is the value 
created by the manufacturing operations carried on within the 
industry. This value is obtained by deducting the cost of the 
materials used from the value of the products. The figure thus 
obtained is termed in the census reports "value added by manu- 
facture." 

Cost of manufacture and profits. — Census data do not show the 
entire cost of manufacture, and consequently can not be used to 
show profits. No account has been taken of interest or deprecia- 
tion. Even if the amount of profit could be determined by deduct- 
ing the expenses from the value of the products, the rate of return 
on the investment could not properly be calculated, because of the 
very defective character of the figures regarding capital. 

Primary horsepower. — This item represents the total primary 
power generated by the manufacturing establishments plus the 
amount of power, principally electric, rented by them from other 
concerns. It does not cover the electric power developed by the 
primary power of the establishments themselves, the inclusion of 
which would evidently result in duplication. 



D. OF D. 

NOV 1 '913 



7 
7 



c112. 



THE OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM INDUSTRY. 



GENERAL STATISTICS. 



Scope of the industry. — This industry embraces 
establishments engaged prunarily in the manufacture 
of floor coverings of oilcloth and linoleum (mcluding 
cork carpet) and of enameled oilcloth, including table, 
sheK, and upholsters'oilcloth, etc. Some of the estab- 
hshments in the industry also manufacture bucki-am 
and burlap wall coverings, wliich are mcluded under 
"all other products" in Table 9. Establishments 
which manufacture opaque window shade cloth, how- 
ever, are not included. The report also takes cogni- 
zance of establishments manufacturing artificial 
leather (included with "upholstering materials" in 
1909), to the extent of including in Table 9, but not 
elsewhere, statistics of the quantity and value of this 
product, which is closely allied to oilcloth and linoleum 
in composition. 

In reports of previous censuses the statistics for the 
mdustry have been published separately under two 
classifications, "oilcloth, enameled," and "oilcloth 
and Imoleum, floor," but at the pi-esent census, because 
of the overlapping of the statistics, the two classifica- 
tions have been combined under the designation ' ' oil- 
cloth and linoleum." 

Summary for the two branches of the industry. — 
Table 1 presents statistics for the oilcloth and linoleum 



industry as a whole and for- its two branches sepa- 
rately for 1909. 



Table 1 

ESTABLISHMENTS 

MA^fUFACTUR^N^. 

PRIMARILY— 


Num- 
ber or 
estab- 
lish 
ments. 


Wage 

ers 

age 
num- 
ber). 


Wages. 


Cost of 
materials. 


Value of 
products. 


Value 
added by 
manufac- 
ture. 


Total. 


31 

19 

12 


5,201 

4,225 
976 


12, 825, 545 

2.309,404 
516, 141 


$15,550,101 

10,145,316 
5,404,785 


$23,339,022 

15,813,331 
7,525,691 


$7,788,921 


Oilfloth and linoleum, 


5,668,015 


Oilcloth, enameled 


2,120,906 



The oUcloth and linoleum branch of the industry 
contributed 67.8 per cent of the total value of prod- 
ucts reported for the industry as a whole and 72.7 
per cent of the value added by manufacture. Of the 
total number of wage earners, 81.2 per cent were 
reported by the floor oilcloth and linoleum branch. 

Comparison with earlier censuses. — Table 2 sum- 
marizes the statistics for the manufacture of oilcloth 
and linoleum as reported at each census from 1869 
to 1909, inclusive. The financial figures for 1869 are 
given in currency, which at that time was worth 
only about 80 cents, gold, to the dollar. For strict 
comparison, therefore, these figures should be reduced 
about 20 per cent. 



Table 3 






NUMBER OR 


AMOUNT. 








PEE 


CENT OB 


INCKEASE.l 






1909 


1904 


1899 


1889 


1879 


ISfitt 


1899- 
1909 


190i- 
1909 


1899- 
1904 


1889- 
1899 


1879- 

1889 


1869- 
1879 




31 

5,557 

11 

345 

5,201 

16,123 

519,634,138 


27 

4,112 

12 

217 

3,883 

10,112 

$13,803,232 

13,724,541 

2,304,987 

361,230 

1,943,757 

10,050,009 

1,369,545 

14,792,246 

4,742,237 


27 

3,409 

26 

153 

3,230 

7,561 

$8,879,102 

9,994,265 

1,922,636 

294,623 

1,628,113 

7,549,672 

521,957 

11,402,620 

3,852,948 


28 
(■) 
C-) 
{■) 
1,862 
2.669 
$4,477,2ii6 
4,676,936 
1,050,430 
(P 

3,363,813 

262,693 

5,481,087 

2,117,274 


29 
(=) 
('■) 

1,993 
C) 
$3,744,550 
(-) 
849,862 

?^ 
3,982,908 

P) 
5,814,587 

1,831,679 


(■■) 

n 
(') 

1,411 

424 
$2,237,000 
('■) 

687,288 
(=) 
(=) 
2,548,768 

C-) 
4.211,579 

1.662,811 


14.8 

63.0 
-57.7 
125.6 

61.0 
113.3 
121.1 
108. 7 

80.7 
120.4 

73.5 
106.0 
251.7 
104.7 

102.2 


14.8 
35.1 
—8.3 
69.0 
33.9 
59.5 
42.2 
S2.0 
50.7 
79.7 
45.4 
54.7 
34.0 
57.8 

64.2 


-53. S 
41.8 
20.2 
33.7 
55.6 
37.3 
19.9 
22.6 
19.4 
33.1 
162.4 
29.7 

23.1 


-3.6 


-3.4 


-14.7 


Persons engaged in the mdustry. . . . 
Proprietors and firm members. . 

Salaried employees 

Wage earners (average number) . 
















73.5 
183.3 

98.3 
113.7 

83.0 


(') 


(=) 




19.6 


67.4 


Expenses 

Services 


20, 860, 264 

3,474,628 

649,083 

2,825,545 

15,550,101 
1,835,535 

23,339,022 

7,788,921 




23.6 


23.7 












124.4 
98.7 
108.0 

82,0 


-15.5 


56.3 








-5.7 
15. 6 


38.1 


Value added by maufacture (value 
of products less cost of materials) , 


10.2 



1 A minus sign (— ) denotes decreast 



Where percentages are omitted comparable figiu-es are not a 
' Figures not strictly comparable. 



^ Comparable figures not available 



The manufacture of oilcloth in the United States 
commenced about 1807. Statistics for the industry 
first appeared in the census reports for 1810, when 
1 establishment in Philadelphia was reported as 
engaged in "floor cloth stamping." Its product was 
given as 1,500 yards, valued at .^S.OOO. At the 
census of 1849, 56 establishments were reported, with 
650 wage earners and products valued at $1,256,994. 



The census of 1859 showed 49 establishments, with 
1,538 wage earners and products valued at $3,602,216. 
The industry has shown continuous and substantial 
increases for the entire period covered by Table 2, 
with the single exception of the decade 1879-1889, 
when slight decreases appeared in several of the 
principal items shown. The value of products for 
1909 was more than five times that in 1869, and the 

(3) 



MANUFACTURES. 



number of wage earners increased 268.6 per cent 
between those years. The value of products and cost 
of materials mo-re than doubled during the decade 
1899-1909, the percentage of increase in each case 
being slightly less than during the preceding decade. 
The number of wage earners increased 61 per cent 
and the amount paid in wages 73.5 per cent from 1899 
to 1909. Salaried employees were included to some 
extent with wage earners at the earher censuses, and 
comparative figures for this class, therefore, are not 
shown for censuses prior to that of 1899. 

The value of products of establishments engaged m 
manufacturuig oilcloth and linoleum in 1909 was 
$23,339,022, two-thu-ds of which ($15,550,101) repre- 
sented the cost of materials. The value added by 
manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) 
was, therefore, $7,788,921. 

Summary, by states. — Detailed statistics for 1909 are 
given for each state in the industry in Table 1 1 , so far 
as figures can be presented without disclosing individ- 
ual operations. New Jersey was the leadmg state in the 
industry in 1909, reporting 40.8 per cent of the total 
number of wage earners and 43.5 per cent of the total 
value of products. Pennsylvania ranked second in 
value of products; figures for this state can not be 
given,however,without disclosing individual operations. 
New York ranked thu'd in value of products in 1909, 
reportmg 15.1 per cent of the total value of products 
and 21.2 per cent of the total number of wage earners. 

Persons engaged in the industry. — Table 3 shows, 
for 1909, the number of persons engaged in the indus- 
try classified accordhig to occupational status and sex, 
and in the case of wage earners, according to age also. 
It should be borne in mind that the sex and age 
classification of the wage earners in this and other 
tables is an estimate obtained by the method described 
in the Introduction. 



Table 3 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE 
INDUSTRY. 




Total. 


Male. 


Female. 




5,557 


5.345 


212 








111 


110 


1 








11 

48 
52 

245 

5,201 


10 
48 
52 

191 

5,044 


1 










Clerks 


54 




157 








5,154 

47 


4,997 
47 


157 











The average number of persons engaged in the in- 
dustry during 1909 was 5,557, of whom 93.6 per cent 
were wage eai'ners, 2 per cent proprietors and officials, 
and 4.4 per cent clerks, this class including other 
subordinate salaried employees. Of the total number 
of persons engaged in the industry, 5,345, or 96.2 per 
cent, were males. The number of children reported 
as wage earners was only 47. 



In order to compare the chstribution of the per- 
sons engaged in the industry in 1909 according to 
occupational status with that in 1904 it is necessary to 
use the classification employed at the earlier census. 
(See Introduction.) Such a comparison is made in 
Table 4. 



Table 4 


PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE INDUSTRY. 


CLASS. 


1909 


1904 


Per cent 
of in- 




Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 


Number. 


Per cent 
distri- 
bution. 


crease: 
1904- 
1909 


Total 


6,667 
11 

345 
5,201 


100.0 

0.2 
0.2 
93.6 


4,112 

12 

217 

3,883 


100.0 
0.3 
5.3 
94.4 


36.1 


Proprietors and firm members. . 




59.0 


Wage earners (average number). 


33.9 



Wage earners employed, by months. — Table 5 gives 
the number of wage earners employed in the oilcloth 
and linoleum industry on the 15th (or nearest repre- 
sentative day) of each month during the year 1909. 



Table 5 


wage earners in the 
industry: 1909 




Number. 


Per cent of 
maximum. 




5,083 
5,110 
5,100 
5,057 
5,133 
5,158 
5,1C9 
5,221 
5,282 
5,3il 
5,321 
5, 435 


93.5 




94.0 




93.8 




93.0 


May .. 


94.4 




94.9 


July . 


95.1 




90.1 




97.2 




98.5 




97.9 




100.0 







In the industry as a whole the largest number of 
wage earners employed during any month of 1909 was 
5,435 in December, and the smallest number, 5,057, in 
April, the minimum number being equal to 93 per cent 
of the maximum. In 1904 the maximum number, 
3,953, was shown for August, and the minimum num- 
ber, 3,780, for November, the minimum number being 
equal to 95.6 per cent of the former. 

Prevailing hours of labor. — In Table 6 the wage 
earners in the oilcloth and linoleum industry have been 
classified according to the number of hours of labor per 
week prevailing in the establishments in which they 
were employed. In makmg this classification the 
average number of wage earners employed during the 
year in each establishment was classified as a total 
according to the hours prevailing in that establishment, 
even though a few employees worked a greater or 
smaller number of hours. 



Table 6 


wage earners in the 
industry: 1909 




Averase 
number. 


Per cent 
of total. 




6.201 

14 

11) 

370 

2.074 

2,727 


100.0 








0.3 




7.1 




39.9 




52.4 







OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. 



5 



Of the 5,201 wage earners reportod for 1909, 2,727, 
or 52.4 per cent, were employed in establishments 
where the prevailing hours of labor were 60 per week; 
2,074, or 39.9 per cent, in establishments where the 
prevailing hours were between 54 rjid 60 per week; and 
400, or 7.7 per cent, in establishments where the pre- 
vailing hours were 54 or less than 54 per week. 

Character of ownership. — Table 7 presents statistics 
with respect to the character of ownership of the 
establishments engaged in the oilcloth and linoleum 
industry. 



Table 7 


NDMBER OP 
ESTABLISHMENTS. 


VALUE OF 


PRODUCTS. 




1909 


1904 


1909 


1904 




31 

2 
3 
26 

100.0 
6.5 
9.7 
83.9 


27 

3 
3 

'-21 

100.0 
U.l 

n.i 

277.8 


$23,339,022 


$14,792,246 




135. 150 




1 906. 044 
22,432,97.S 

100.0 


l,a8J.4.S!t 




2 13,574,607 




100.0 




0.9 




13.9 

96.1 


7.3 




'91.8 







' Includes two establishments imder individual ownership, to avoid disclosure 
of individual operations. 

2 Includes one establishment under firm ownership, to avoid disclosure of indi- 
vidual operations. 

Establishments under corporate owniership in- 
creased both absolutely and relatively in number and 
in value of jiroducts during the five-year period 1904 
to 1909. 

Size of establishments. — The average size of the 
estaljlishments in this industry, as measured by value 
of products, is larger than in most other industries. 
Eight establishments reported a value of products in 
excess of $1,000,000; nineteen, a value of products of 
$100,000 but less than $1,000,000; and four a value 
of products of $20,000 but less than $100,000. The 
average value of products per establishment, as com- 
puted from figures in Table 2, increased from $422,319 
in 1899 to $752,872 in 1909, and the value added by 
manufacture advanced from $142,702 to $251,256 
during the same period. The average number of 
wage earners per establishment increased from 119.6 
in 1S99 to 168 in 1909. 

Expenses. — As stated in the Introduction, the 
census statistics representing expenses do not purport 
to show the total cost of manufacture, since they take 
no account of interest or depreciation; hence they 
can not properly be used for determining profits. 
Facts of interest can be brought out, however, con- 
cerning the relative importance of the different classes 
of expenses which were reported. Table 2 shows the 
total expenses in the oilcloth and linoleum industry 
in 1909 to have been $20,860,264, distributed as fol- 



lows: Cost of materials, $15,550,101, or 74.5 per cent; 
wages, $2,825,545, or 13.5 per cent; salaries, $649,083, 
or 3.1 percent; and miscellaneous expenses, made up of 
advertising, ordinary repairs of buildings and ma- 
chinery, insurance, traveling expenses, and other 
sundry expenses, $1,835,535, or 8.8 per cent. There 
were coasiderable variations in the proportions of the 
total reported expenses represented by the various 
classes in the several states, due largely to differences 
in the grades of oilcloth and linoleum manufactured. 
In the four principal states in the industry, as shown 
in Table 11, the cost of materials ranged from 82 per 
cent of the total expenses in Massachusetts to 69.8 
per cent in New York. 

Engines and power. — The amount of power used in 
the industry was first reported at the census of 1869. 
Table 2 shows that the total power usetl increased 
from 424 horsepower in 1869 to 16,125 in 1909. 
Table 8 shows the statistics of power as reported at the 
censuses of 1909, 1904, and 1899. 



Table 8 

POWER. 


NUMBER 
MOTOR.'- 


OP 


HORSEPOWER. 


PER CENT 
DISTRIBUTION OF 
HORSEPOWER. 


1909 


1904 


1899 


1909 


1904 


1899 


1909 


1904 


1899 


Primary power. 


223 


156 


117 


16,125 


10,112 


7,561 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 






175 


148 


117 


15,048 


9,984 


7,661 


93.3 


98.7 


100.0 






174 
1 


146 
2 


117 


15,046 
2 


9, .831 
47 
106 

128 


7.461 
(■) 
100 

(') 


93. 3 
C-) 

6.7 


97.2 
0.5 
1.0 

1.3 


9S.7 








1.3 




48 


8 


(■) 


1,077 








48 


8 


(') 


1,002 
75 


93 
35 


(') 


6.2 
0.5 


0.9 
0.3 








Electric motors. 

Run by current 
generated by es- 
tablishment 

Run bv rented 










336 


125 


75 


4,540 


1,275 


718 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


2S,<! 

4.S 


117 

8 


(M 


3,5.3S 
1,002 


1,182 
03 


718 


77.9 
22.1 


92.7 100. 









1 Not reported. ^ Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 

The total primary power used in tiie oilcloth and 
linoleum industry increased from 7,561 horsepower in 
1899 to 16,125 horsepower in 1909, or 113.3 per cent. 
Steam power formed the major part of the primary 
power employed in the industry, though the propor- 
tion which it formed of the total primary power de- 
creased from 98.7 per cent in 1899 to 93.3 per cent in 
1909. Rented electric power increased from 93 horse- 
power in 1904 to 1,002 horsepower m 1909. This class 
of power was not reported for the industry in 1899. 
The horsepower of electric motors run by current gen- 
erated in the establishments in the industry was nearly 
five tunes as great in 1909 as m 1899. 



MANUFACTURES. 



SPECIAL STATISTICS RELATING TO PRODUCTS. 



Summary for the United States. — Table 9 shows the 
quantity and vakic of the dift'i^nnit kinds of oilclotli 
and linolcuin manufactured in 1909 and 1904 by estab- 
lislunents in the industiy, and also tlie quantity and 
vahie of the artificial leather produced in 1909. 



Total value. 



Oflcloth 

Floor— 

Square yards 

Value 

Enameled— 

Square yards 

Value 

Table- 
Square yards 

Value 

Linoleum 

Linoleum, including cork carpet — 

Square yards 

Value 

Inlaid linoleum — 

Square yards 

Value 

Artificial leather: 

Square yards 

Value 



All other products.. 



126.253.796 


$14,792 


*ii,(iSi,or2 


S8,64S 


1S,354,.S.51 


21,456 


»3, 776, 060 


$3,565 


17,338,440 


11,574, 


$2,265,146 


$1,542, 


61,168,777 


3S,026, 


$5,639,206 


83,540, 


S10,844,92.S 


$5,328, 


26,215,979 


14,765, 


S7,S60,4:i7 


$4,223, 


4,460,275 


2, 126, 


S2, 994, 491 


$1,104, 


n,S69,.<75 


(2) 


$3,448,617 


(=) 



$279,239 



1 In addition, products to the value of $33,328 were reported by establishments 
engaged primarily in the manufacture of products other thtiu those covered by the 
industry designation. The production of artificial leather is included imder""up- 
holsterihg materials" in tlie general reports. 

2 Figures not available. 

Each of the varieties of oilcloth and linoleum 
shows a considerable pei-centage of increase in quan- 
tity and value except floor oilcloth, the output of 
which decreased 14.5 per cent in quantity, although 
its value increased .5.9 per cent. The decrease in 
tlie output of floor oilcloth is explained by the in- 
creased degree to which linoleum has been substituted 
for it as a floor covering. Inlaid linoleum shows 
the largest percentages of gain of any of the products 
of the industry during the five-year period, 109.8 per 
cent in output and 171 per cent in value. The out- 
put of table oilcloth, the most unportant of the oil- 
cloth products in 1909, increased 60.9 per cent and 
its value 59.3 per cent between 1904 and 1909. 

Floor oilcloth, which was the principal kind of 
oilcloth manufactured in 1904, representing 41.2 
per cent of the total value of oilcloth produced, con- 
tributed only 32. .3 per cent of the total value in 1909. 
The proportion of the total value represented by taWe 
oilcloth, on the other hand, increased from 40.9 per 
cent ui 1904 to 4S.3 per cent in 1909, and the pro- 
portion represented by enameled oilcloth from 17.8 
per cent in the earlier year to 19.4 per cent in the later 
year. 

In 1909 the value of Imoleum represented 48.1 per 
cent of the total value of the combined value of oil- 
cloth and Imoleum, as compared with 38.1 per cent 
in 1904. "Linoleum, including cork carpet," repre- 
sented 72.4 per cent of the total value of Imoleum pro- 
duced in 1909, as compared -with 79.3 per cent in 1904. 



The manufacture of artificial leather is so closely 
allied to the oilcloth mdustry that the quantity and 
value of this ])roduct has been included for 1909 in 
the preceding table. The total value of products as 
shown in Table 9 is not comparable with the total for 
1904, since the value of artificial leather was not in- 
cluded at the former census. Artificial leather, al- 
though used to some extent in bookbinding, is used 
principally in the upholstering trade, and the reports 
for the manufacture of this product were included with 
those for the industry designated "upholstering 
materials" in the general census reports of 1909. 

A detailed statement of the different products can 
not be given for any individual state except New 
Jersey without disclosmg the operations of individual 
establishments. New Jersey was the leading state in 
the industry both in 1909 and 1904. The total value 
of products of the oilcloth and luioleum mdustry, m- 
cluding artificial leather, for this state in 1909 was 
$11,519,680, which constituted 43.9 per cent of the 
total value for the United States. Linoleum repre- 
sented more than half (57.5 per cent) of the total value 
of the products of the industry for the state, its value, 
.$5,834,338, bemg 53.8 per cent of the total value of 
linoleum for the United States. Of the total value 
of the different varieties of linoleum manufactured by 
the establishments in New Jersey in 1909, inlaid lino- 
leum constituted 22.5 per cent and "linoleum, includ- 
ing cork carpet," 77.5 per cent. The proportion 
which the value of the different varieties of oilcloth 
constituted of the total value of oilcloth produced in 
the state was as follows: Floor oilcloth, 34.4 per cent; 
enameled oilcloth, 28.2 per cent; and table oilcloth, 
37.4 per cent. The value of artificial leather manu- 
factured in New Jersey m 1909 was $1,377,084, or 
39.9 per cent of the total for the United States. 

Exports and imports, — Table 10 gives the amount 
and value of the imports and the value of the exports 
of oilcloth and linoleum from 1898 to 1910, inclusive, 
as compiled from the reports of the Bureau of Foreign 
and Domestic Commerce, Department of Commerce. 



Table 10 

YEAR ENDING JUNE 31— 


IMPORTS. 


1 


Square yards. 


Value. 


(value). 




4,848,615 
5,306,329 
6,114,568 
7,109,067 
5,470,460 
3,508,855 
3,381,534 
3,358,655 
1,824,579 
1,306,222 
832,405 
416,658 


$1,834,640 

1,894,810 

2,102,313 

2,313,772 

1,744,539 

1,220,372 

1,201,070 

1, 105, 894 

681, 464 

532,255 

407,008 

216,210 

(') 






359, 764 
359,801 






1906 






269, 929 


1904 












172,635 




1,899 


132,532 


1898 







1 Not reported separately prior to 1899. 



OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM. 



The statistics of imports and expoi'ts in the reports 
of the Bureau of Foreifjn and Domestic Commerce do 
not make a clear distinction between cotton oilcloth 
and other cotton cloths; therefore, oni\- the imports of 
floor oilcloth and linoleum are included in Table 10. 
The exports, however, include the statiistics for all 
classes of oilcloth. 

In 1899 the imports of oilclotli and linoleum 
amounted to only 416,6.58 square yards, valued at 



$216,210, but increased steadily from year to year 
until 1907, when 7,109,067 square yards, valued at 
.1:2, .313,772, were reported. From 1907 to 1910 the 
imports decreased to 4,848,61.5 square yards, valued 
at $1,834,640. 

The value of the exports of oilclotlis lias ako in- 
creasefl with each successive year, with tlie single ex- 
ception that tliere was a decrease in 1909 as compared 
with 1908. 



DETAILED STATE TABLE. 



The prmcipal statistics secured by the census con- 
cerning the oilcloth and linoleum industry are ]>re- 
sented, by states, in Table 11, which gives detailed 
statistics for 1909 concerning the number of establish- 



ments, niimlxT of persons engaged in tiie industry, 
wage earners on December 1.5, or the nearest repre- 
sentative day, primary horsepower, capital, expenses, 
value of products, and value added by manufacture. 



OILCLOTH AND LINOLEUM— DETAILED STATISTICS, BY STATES: 1909. 



Table 11 


Num- 
lier of 
estab- 
lish- 
ments. 




PERSONS EN 


GAGED IN 1 


^.STHV. 


WAGE EARNERS— DEC. 15, 
REPRESENTATIVE 


OR NEAREST 
DAY. 






Total, 


ITo- 
prie- 
tors 
and 
firm 
mem- 
bers. 


Sala- 
ried 
officers 
super- 
intend- 
eats, 
and 
man- 
agers. 


Clerks. 


Wage earners. 


Total. 


16 and over. 


Under 16. 




STATE. 


Male, 


Fe- 
male. 


,\verage 
number. 


Number, 15th day of— 


Male. 


Fe- 
male. 


Male. 


Fe- 
male, 


horse- 
power. 




Maximum 
month. 


Minimum 
month. 




United States. . . 


31 

3 
3 

10 
4 

11 


6,657 
239 
59 
2,264 
1,153 
1,842 


11 


100 

8 
8 
32 
15 
37 


191 

.S 
10 
73 
28 
72 


64 

3 
2 

30 
6 

13 


5,201 
220 
39 
2,123 
1,102 
1,717 


De 6,435 
Api 224 
Au 42 
Oc 2, 230 
De 1,173 


Ap 6,057 
Ja 211 
Ap" 37 
Ap 2, 035 
Au 1,037 


5,641 
226 
41 
2,294 
1,173 
1,807 


6,324 

186 

41 

2,247 

1,070 

1,780 


167 

40 


50 




16, 125 




















6 
2 
3 


16 
103 

8 


31 




7,819 
2,384 


New York 






All other states » 


19 
















Capital. 


E.XPENSES. 


Value of 
products. 






Total. 


Services, 


Materials. 


Miscellaneous, 


added 
iacture 




Officials. 


Clerks, 


Wage 


Fuel and 
rent of 
power. 


Other. 


Rent 
of fac- 
tory. 


Taxes, 
includ- 
ing in- 
ternal 
revenue. 


Con- 
tract 
work. 


Other, 


(value of 
products 
less cost 
of mate- 
rials). 


United States... 


$19,634,138 

688,617 
137, 418 


$20, 860, 264 

1,476,153 
227, 2,S9 


$380, 585 

29, .598 
14, 400 


$268,498 

12,816 
6,255 
97.334 
42,316 
109, 777 


$2,825,545 

117,764 
26, 133 


$525,740 
12,573 
4,720 


$15, 024, 361 

1,197.947 

156, 025 


$5,778 
2,760 
1,800 

"i^2i2' 


$68,677 
4,942 
1,100 


$27,645 


$1,733,441 

97,753 
16,856 


$23,339,022 

1,704,470 
256, 159 
10, 142, 596 
3,521,689 
7,714,108 


$7,788,921 






95,414 




J 907 


New York 

AH other states 2 


2,901,5 
7, 796. 7 


69 

<m 


3,104 
7,212 


373 
530 


1 


71,114 
69, 470 


570 
923 


630 
770 


83 
187 


430 
800 


2,082,1 
5, 1,S7,4 


31 

81 




11,899 
18,0,86 




23,'438" 




242,853 
591,496 




1,356,128 
2. 338, 827 



1 Same number reported for one or more ottier months. 

2 All other states embrace: Illinois, 1 establishment; Indiana,!; Maine, 2; Minnesota,!; Ohio, 3; I'enusylvania, 3. 



018 452 260 3 



tTRRflRY 




018 



LiBRfiRV OF CONGRESS 

nHHi 

018 452 250 3 « 



